See devel in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"etymology_links": [
[
"dēofol",
"deofol#Old_English"
],
[
"dēoful",
"deoful#Old_English"
],
[
"dīobul",
"diobul#Old_English"
],
[
"*diubul",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/diubul"
],
[
"διάβολος",
"διάβολος#Ancient_Greek"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ang:dēofol<id:devil>",
"id": "devil"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"devil\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"slanderous\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"throw over\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"across\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"through\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"twice\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"two\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*dwóh₁\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" }, { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"influ.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Influenced by\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"thrice\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*trís\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"influence\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*dwís\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"διά\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"δια-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" }, { \"gloss\" : \"to throw\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"throw\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*gʷelH-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Hellenic\", \"term\" : \"*gʷəlnō\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"grk-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"βάλλω\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"διαβάλλω\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"διάβολος\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"diabolus\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*diubul\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"dēofol\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"devel\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" }\" data-id=\"devil\" data-lang=\"enm\" data-title=\"devel\" id=\"Middle_English:_devil\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "dēofol"
},
"expansion": "Old English dēofol",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*diubul"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *diubul",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "grc",
"3": "διάβολος"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek διάβολος (diábolos)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ang:dēofol<id:devil>",
"id": "devil"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English dēofol, dēoful, from earlier dīobul, from Proto-West Germanic *diubul, from Ancient Greek διάβολος (diábolos).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "the devel",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "devel",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "develes",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "deevel",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "devell",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "devil",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "devul",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "devyl",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "devyll",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "dewel",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "dewel",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "dovel",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "dufel",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "deofell",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Ormulum"
]
},
{
"form": "deull",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"East-Anglia"
]
},
{
"form": "dievel",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "dyevel",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "dyvel",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "deovel",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "dele",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Northern"
]
},
{
"form": "devull",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Northern"
]
},
{
"form": "deyle",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Northern"
]
},
{
"form": "dwill",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Northern"
]
},
{
"form": "dule",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "proper noun",
"3": "genitive",
"4": "develes",
"head": "the devel",
"head2": "(__LABEL_TEMPLATE_0__) devel"
},
"expansion": "the devel or (__LABEL_TEMPLATE_0__) devel (genitive develes)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "17 19 43 7 3 1 3 1 1 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 24 34 10 2 1 2 1 1 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 15 13 7 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "53 15 12 9 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "66 15 7 3 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "41 21 18 10 10",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Christianity",
"orig": "enm:Christianity",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "49 13 13 13 13",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Mythology",
"orig": "enm:Mythology",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "55 0 45 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Religion",
"orig": "enm:Religion",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "43 5 41 5 5",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Theology",
"orig": "enm:Theology",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
108,
114
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
134,
140
]
],
"english": "Don't associate with vagrants and don't listen to their stories, / and especially avoid such people at the table, / since they're the Devil's clowns, I'll have you understand.",
"ref": "c. 1370, [William Langland], “[Passus 7]”, in Piers Plowman (La, A-text), Shropshire, published c. 1400, folio 122, recto; republished as Hale 150, London: Lincoln’s Inn Rare Books and Manuscripts Online, 4 April 2023:",
"text": "Hold with none harlotes no here not here tales / And namelich at þe mete suche men eſchewe / ffoꝛ hıt arn þe deoles dẏſo᷑s I do þe to vndurſtonde",
"translation": "Don't associate with vagrants and don't listen to their stories, / and especially avoid such people at the table, / since they're the Devil's clowns, I'll have you understand.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
57,
64
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
46,
52
]
],
"english": "Just like bees swarm from a hive / Out of the devil's arse there were driven / Twenty thousand friars on a rout / And throughout Hell they swarmed all about […]",
"ref": "1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Somnours Tale”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 79, recto:",
"text": "Right ſo as bees / out swarmen from an hyue / Out of the deueles ers / ther gonne dryue / Twenty thouſand freres / on a route / And thurgh oute helle / swarmeden aboute […]",
"translation": "Just like bees swarm from a hive / Out of the devil's arse there were driven / Twenty thousand friars on a rout / And throughout Hell they swarmed all about […]",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Satan, Lucifer"
],
"id": "en-devel-enm-name-xF-tmDeO",
"links": [
[
"Satan",
"Satan"
],
[
"Lucifer",
"Lucifer"
]
],
"tags": [
"Early-Middle-English"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈdeːvəl/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈdɛvəl/"
},
{
"ipa": "/deːl/",
"tags": [
"Northern",
"especially"
]
}
],
"word": "devel"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "develiche"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "develissh"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "develrye"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "devely"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "devil"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "deil"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "deel"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "deevil"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "devill"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "deil"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "deel"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "deevil"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "deill"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "deevil"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"raw_tags": [
"syncopated"
],
"word": "deel"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"dēofol",
"deofol#Old_English"
],
[
"dēoful",
"deoful#Old_English"
],
[
"dīobul",
"diobul#Old_English"
],
[
"*diubul",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/diubul"
],
[
"διάβολος",
"διάβολος#Ancient_Greek"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ang:dēofol<id:devil>",
"id": "devil"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"devil\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"slanderous\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"throw over\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"across\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"through\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"twice\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"two\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*dwóh₁\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" }, { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"influ.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Influenced by\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"thrice\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*trís\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"influence\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*dwís\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"διά\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"δια-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" }, { \"gloss\" : \"to throw\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"throw\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*gʷelH-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Hellenic\", \"term\" : \"*gʷəlnō\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"grk-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"βάλλω\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"διαβάλλω\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"διάβολος\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"diabolus\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*diubul\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"dēofol\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"devel\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" }\" data-id=\"devil\" data-lang=\"enm\" data-title=\"devel\" id=\"Middle_English:_devil\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "dēofol"
},
"expansion": "Old English dēofol",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*diubul"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *diubul",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "grc",
"3": "διάβολος"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek διάβολος (diábolos)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ang:dēofol<id:devil>",
"id": "devil"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English dēofol, dēoful, from earlier dīobul, from Proto-West Germanic *diubul, from Ancient Greek διάβολος (diábolos).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "develes",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "defles",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "develen",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "develes",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "deevel",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "devell",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "devil",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "devul",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "devyl",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "devyll",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "dewel",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "dewel",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "dovel",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "dufel",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "deofell",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Ormulum"
]
},
{
"form": "deull",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"East-Anglia"
]
},
{
"form": "dievel",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "dyevel",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "dyvel",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "deovel",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "dele",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Northern"
]
},
{
"form": "devull",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Northern"
]
},
{
"form": "deyle",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Northern"
]
},
{
"form": "dwill",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Northern"
]
},
{
"form": "dule",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"sort": "",
"var": ""
},
"expansion": "devel",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "develes",
"gen": "develes",
"pl2": "defles",
"pl3": "develen"
},
"expansion": "devel (plural develes or defles or develen, genitive singular develes)",
"name": "enm-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
47,
54
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
57,
63
]
],
"english": "You believe that there's one God; you're doing well. But devils believe, and tremble.",
"ref": "c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, James 2:19, folio 110, recto, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:",
"text": "þou bileueſt þat o god is .· þou doiſt wel / ⁊ deuelis bileuen .· ⁊ tremblen",
"translation": "You believe that there's one God; you're doing well. But devils believe, and tremble.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A devil; an evil creature that resides in the Christian hell."
],
"id": "en-devel-enm-noun-HfeUcJnw",
"links": [
[
"devil",
"devil"
],
[
"evil",
"evil"
],
[
"creature",
"creature"
],
[
"reside",
"reside"
],
[
"Christian",
"Christian"
],
[
"hell",
"hell"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "55 0 45 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Religion",
"orig": "enm:Religion",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "43 5 41 5 5",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Theology",
"orig": "enm:Theology",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A pagan or heretical god; a deity considered to be false or an idol."
],
"id": "en-devel-enm-noun-DGw9ZzJG",
"links": [
[
"pagan",
"pagan"
],
[
"heretical",
"heretical"
],
[
"false",
"false"
],
[
"idol",
"idol"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A malicious or sinful person; one who is evil."
],
"id": "en-devel-enm-noun-kgluQyVn",
"links": [
[
"malicious",
"malicious"
],
[
"sinful",
"sinful"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figurative) A malicious or sinful person; one who is evil."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"A fantastic beast or monstrous creature."
],
"id": "en-devel-enm-noun-jiql0A4X",
"links": [
[
"fantastic",
"fantastic"
],
[
"beast",
"beast"
],
[
"monstrous",
"monstrous"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) A fantastic beast or monstrous creature."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈdeːvəl/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈdɛvəl/"
},
{
"ipa": "/deːl/",
"tags": [
"Northern",
"especially"
]
}
],
"word": "devel"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with etymon",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English nouns",
"Middle English proper nouns",
"Middle English terms derived from Ancient Greek",
"Middle English terms derived from Latin",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Hellenic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *gʷelH- (throw)",
"Middle English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *dwóh₁",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymon",
"enm:Christianity",
"enm:Mythology",
"enm:Religion",
"enm:Theology",
"rom:Nature",
"rom:Society"
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"dēofol",
"deofol#Old_English"
],
[
"dēoful",
"deoful#Old_English"
],
[
"dīobul",
"diobul#Old_English"
],
[
"*diubul",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/diubul"
],
[
"διάβολος",
"διάβολος#Ancient_Greek"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ang:dēofol<id:devil>",
"id": "devil"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"devil\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"slanderous\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"throw over\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"across\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"through\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"twice\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"two\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*dwóh₁\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" }, { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"influ.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Influenced by\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"thrice\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*trís\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"influence\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*dwís\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"διά\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"δια-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" }, { \"gloss\" : \"to throw\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"throw\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*gʷelH-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Hellenic\", \"term\" : \"*gʷəlnō\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"grk-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"βάλλω\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"διαβάλλω\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"διάβολος\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"diabolus\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*diubul\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"dēofol\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"devel\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" }\" data-id=\"devil\" data-lang=\"enm\" data-title=\"devel\" id=\"Middle_English:_devil\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "dēofol"
},
"expansion": "Old English dēofol",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*diubul"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *diubul",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "grc",
"3": "διάβολος"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek διάβολος (diábolos)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ang:dēofol<id:devil>",
"id": "devil"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English dēofol, dēoful, from earlier dīobul, from Proto-West Germanic *diubul, from Ancient Greek διάβολος (diábolos).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "the devel",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "devel",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "develes",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "deevel",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "devell",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "devil",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "devul",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "devyl",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "devyll",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "dewel",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "dewel",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "dovel",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "dufel",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "deofell",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Ormulum"
]
},
{
"form": "deull",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"East-Anglia"
]
},
{
"form": "dievel",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "dyevel",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "dyvel",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "deovel",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "dele",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Northern"
]
},
{
"form": "devull",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Northern"
]
},
{
"form": "deyle",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Northern"
]
},
{
"form": "dwill",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Northern"
]
},
{
"form": "dule",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "proper noun",
"3": "genitive",
"4": "develes",
"head": "the devel",
"head2": "(__LABEL_TEMPLATE_0__) devel"
},
"expansion": "the devel or (__LABEL_TEMPLATE_0__) devel (genitive develes)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
108,
114
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
134,
140
]
],
"english": "Don't associate with vagrants and don't listen to their stories, / and especially avoid such people at the table, / since they're the Devil's clowns, I'll have you understand.",
"ref": "c. 1370, [William Langland], “[Passus 7]”, in Piers Plowman (La, A-text), Shropshire, published c. 1400, folio 122, recto; republished as Hale 150, London: Lincoln’s Inn Rare Books and Manuscripts Online, 4 April 2023:",
"text": "Hold with none harlotes no here not here tales / And namelich at þe mete suche men eſchewe / ffoꝛ hıt arn þe deoles dẏſo᷑s I do þe to vndurſtonde",
"translation": "Don't associate with vagrants and don't listen to their stories, / and especially avoid such people at the table, / since they're the Devil's clowns, I'll have you understand.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
57,
64
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
46,
52
]
],
"english": "Just like bees swarm from a hive / Out of the devil's arse there were driven / Twenty thousand friars on a rout / And throughout Hell they swarmed all about […]",
"ref": "1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Somnours Tale”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 79, recto:",
"text": "Right ſo as bees / out swarmen from an hyue / Out of the deueles ers / ther gonne dryue / Twenty thouſand freres / on a route / And thurgh oute helle / swarmeden aboute […]",
"translation": "Just like bees swarm from a hive / Out of the devil's arse there were driven / Twenty thousand friars on a rout / And throughout Hell they swarmed all about […]",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Satan, Lucifer"
],
"links": [
[
"Satan",
"Satan"
],
[
"Lucifer",
"Lucifer"
]
],
"tags": [
"Early-Middle-English"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈdeːvəl/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈdɛvəl/"
},
{
"ipa": "/deːl/",
"tags": [
"Northern",
"especially"
]
}
],
"word": "devel"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with etymon",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English nouns",
"Middle English proper nouns",
"Middle English terms derived from Ancient Greek",
"Middle English terms derived from Latin",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Hellenic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *gʷelH- (throw)",
"Middle English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *dwóh₁",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymon",
"enm:Christianity",
"enm:Mythology",
"enm:Religion",
"enm:Theology",
"rom:Nature",
"rom:Society"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "develiche"
},
{
"word": "develissh"
},
{
"word": "develrye"
},
{
"word": "devely"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "devil"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "deil"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "deel"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "deevil"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "devill"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "deil"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "deel"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "deevil"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "deill"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "deevil"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"raw_tags": [
"syncopated"
],
"word": "deel"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"dēofol",
"deofol#Old_English"
],
[
"dēoful",
"deoful#Old_English"
],
[
"dīobul",
"diobul#Old_English"
],
[
"*diubul",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/diubul"
],
[
"διάβολος",
"διάβολος#Ancient_Greek"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ang:dēofol<id:devil>",
"id": "devil"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"devil\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"slanderous\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"throw over\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"across\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"through\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"twice\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"two\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*dwóh₁\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" }, { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"influ.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Influenced by\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"thrice\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*trís\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"influence\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*dwís\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"διά\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"δια-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" }, { \"gloss\" : \"to throw\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"throw\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*gʷelH-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Hellenic\", \"term\" : \"*gʷəlnō\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"grk-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"βάλλω\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"διαβάλλω\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"διάβολος\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"diabolus\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*diubul\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"dēofol\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"devel\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" }\" data-id=\"devil\" data-lang=\"enm\" data-title=\"devel\" id=\"Middle_English:_devil\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "dēofol"
},
"expansion": "Old English dēofol",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*diubul"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *diubul",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "grc",
"3": "διάβολος"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek διάβολος (diábolos)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ang:dēofol<id:devil>",
"id": "devil"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English dēofol, dēoful, from earlier dīobul, from Proto-West Germanic *diubul, from Ancient Greek διάβολος (diábolos).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "develes",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "defles",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "develen",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "develes",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "deevel",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "devell",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "devil",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "devul",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "devyl",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "devyll",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "dewel",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "dewel",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "dovel",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "dufel",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "deofell",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Ormulum"
]
},
{
"form": "deull",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"East-Anglia"
]
},
{
"form": "dievel",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "dyevel",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "dyvel",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "deovel",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "dele",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Northern"
]
},
{
"form": "devull",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Northern"
]
},
{
"form": "deyle",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Northern"
]
},
{
"form": "dwill",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Northern"
]
},
{
"form": "dule",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"sort": "",
"var": ""
},
"expansion": "devel",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "develes",
"gen": "develes",
"pl2": "defles",
"pl3": "develen"
},
"expansion": "devel (plural develes or defles or develen, genitive singular develes)",
"name": "enm-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
47,
54
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
57,
63
]
],
"english": "You believe that there's one God; you're doing well. But devils believe, and tremble.",
"ref": "c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, James 2:19, folio 110, recto, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:",
"text": "þou bileueſt þat o god is .· þou doiſt wel / ⁊ deuelis bileuen .· ⁊ tremblen",
"translation": "You believe that there's one God; you're doing well. But devils believe, and tremble.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A devil; an evil creature that resides in the Christian hell."
],
"links": [
[
"devil",
"devil"
],
[
"evil",
"evil"
],
[
"creature",
"creature"
],
[
"reside",
"reside"
],
[
"Christian",
"Christian"
],
[
"hell",
"hell"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A pagan or heretical god; a deity considered to be false or an idol."
],
"links": [
[
"pagan",
"pagan"
],
[
"heretical",
"heretical"
],
[
"false",
"false"
],
[
"idol",
"idol"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A malicious or sinful person; one who is evil."
],
"links": [
[
"malicious",
"malicious"
],
[
"sinful",
"sinful"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figurative) A malicious or sinful person; one who is evil."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"A fantastic beast or monstrous creature."
],
"links": [
[
"fantastic",
"fantastic"
],
[
"beast",
"beast"
],
[
"monstrous",
"monstrous"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) A fantastic beast or monstrous creature."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈdeːvəl/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈdɛvəl/"
},
{
"ipa": "/deːl/",
"tags": [
"Northern",
"especially"
]
}
],
"word": "devel"
}
Download raw JSONL data for devel meaning in Middle English (17.7kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-10-30 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-10-01 using wiktextract (19f9a30 and 6f96ddf). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.